Can a Father Use His Minor Child’s Gold as a Loan?

Can a Father Loan his Pre-Pubescent child’s Gold?

Darulifta Ahlesunnat (Dawateislami)

Question

What do the noble scholars and jurists of Islamic law say about the following: A pre-pubescent (non-baligh) child owns some gold which is kept with his father’s. Can the father spend this gold for his own needs with the intention of returning the same amount of gold to the child after he becomes baligh?

Answer

بِسْمِ اللہِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ

اَلْجَوَابُ بِعَوْنِ الْمَلِکِ الْوَھَّابِ اَللّٰھُمَّ ھِدَایَۃَ الْحَقِّ وَالصَّوَابِ

As long as the father of this pre-pubescent does not face any such need that there is no other alternative than spending that gold, such as if a father need money for food and water and he currently doesn’t have any money with him, until then, he is not permitted by Sharī’aĥ to spend that gold for his own personal needs, even if he has the intention to return that same amount of gold after the child becomes baligh.

The details are mentioned below:

Taking the child’s gold with the intention of returning its ‘Misl’ (equivalent) is a transaction of debt which is purely harmful [ضرر محض]. The principle of Sharī’aĥ is that even the guardian cannot do such transactions which are purely harmful for a non-baligh child. It is stated in Al-Durr Al-Mukhtar:

(إن ضارا كالطلاق والعتاق) و الصدقة والقرض (لا وإن أذن به وليهما)

It is stated in Radd Al-Muhtar:

كذا لا تصح من غيره كأبيه ووصيه و القاضي للضرر،قلت: ومواضع الضرورة مستثناة عن قواعد الشرع

(Al-Durr Al-Mukhtar Ma’a Radd Al-Muhtar, Vol. 6, p. 173, Publ. Egypt)

The Zahir Al-Riwayah and Asah (most accurate) position is that even a father cannot give the child’s wealth as a loan to someone else, nor can he take it as debt for himself. Regarding giving it as a loan, it is stated in Al-Mabsoot Lil-Sarakhsi:

و الاولٰى ان يختار رجلا حرا عاقلا بالغا قد حج، عالما بطريق الحج و افعاله، ليقع حجه على اكمل الوجوه

(Al-Mabsoot Lil-Sarakhsi, Vol. 1, p. 103, Publ. Dar Al-Ma’rifah, Beirut)

It is stated in Al-Bahr Al-Ra’iq regarding taking the wealth as debt:

و ذكر شمس الأئمة فی شرح كتاب الرهن أن للأب أن يستقرض مال ولده لنفسه، و ذكر شيخ الإسلام في شرحه أنه ليس له ذلك۔۔۔ و الصحيح أن الأب بمنزلة الوصي لا بمنزلة القاضي

(Al-Bahr Al-Ra’iq, Vol. 8, p. 528, Publ. Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Islami)

The father is like the ‘Wasi’(guardian) and not the ‘Qadi’ (judge). Clarifying this, it is stated in Qurrah ‘Ain Al-Akhyar Li-Takmilah Radd Al-Muhtar:

و الصحیح أن الاب کالوصی لا القاضی، و لو أخذہ الوصی قرضاً لنفسہ لا یجوز و یکون دیناً علیہ

(Qurrah ‘Ain Al-Akhyar Li-Takmilah Radd Al-Muhtar, Vol. 7, p. 297, Publ. Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut)

It is further stated in Majma’ Al-Damanaat:

فلو أخذ الوصی مال الیتیم قرضاً لنفسہ لا یجوز ویکون دیناً علیہ، و عن محمد ولیس للوصی أن یستقرض مال الیتیم فی قول ابی حنیفۃ رحمہ اللہ

(Majma’ Al-Damanaat, p. 39, Publ. Dar Al-Kutub Al-Islami)

It is stated in Bahar-E-Shari’at:

باپ یا وصی کو یہ حق حاصل نہیں کہ نابالغ بچہ کا مال قرض کے طور پر دے دیں۔

Translation: A father and ‘Wasi’ (guardian) do not have the right to give the non-baligh child’s wealth as a loan. (Bahar-e-Shari’at, Vol. 2, Sect. 12, p. 908, Publ. Maktaba-Tul-Madinah, Karachi)

But if there is a need or necessity, the father can take the child’s wealth as a loan, as the situation at the time of need has been excluded in the text of Radd Al-Muhtar mentioned above. Shams Al-A’immah Sarakhsi writes in his Al-Mabsoot:

و عندنا ليس له في مال ولده ملك و لا حق ملك فهو ضامن له إذا أتلفه، و إن ثبت له شرعا حق التناول منه بالمعروف عند الحاجة فذلك لا ينفی الضمان عند عدم الحاجة كالمرأة فإن لها أن تنفق من مال زوجها بالمعروف فإن أتلفت شيئا من ماله بدون الحاجة كانت ضامنة فالأب كذلك

(Al-Mabsoot Lil-Sarakhsi, Vol. 30, p. 143, Publ. Dar Al-Ma’rifah, Beirut)

The Imam of Ahl-Us-Sunnah رحمه اللہ writes in Fatawa Razawiyyah:

أقول: یعنی بحالت فقر بلاقیمت اور بحالتِ احتیاج حاضر مثلًا سفر میں ہوں اور مال گھر میں بوعدہ قیمت تصرف کرسکتے ہیں۔۔۔ جامع احکام الصغار پھر حموی اشباہ اور تاتارخانیہ پھر ردالمحتار میں ہے:اذا احتاج الا ب الی مال ولدہ فان کانا فی المصر و احتاج لفقرہ اکل بغیر شئ و ان کان فی المفازۃ و احتاج الیہ لانعدام الطعام معہ فلہ الاکل بالقیمۃ

جامع الفصولین فوائد امام ظہیر الدین سے ہے: لوکان الاب فی فلاۃولہ مال فاحتاج الی طعام ولدہ اکلہ بقیمۃ لقولہ صلی اللہ تعالٰی علیہ و سلم الاب احق بمال ولدہ اذا احتاج الیہ بالمعروف و المعروف ان یتناولہ بغیر شیئ لوفقیرا و الا فبقیمتہ

Translation: I say: In the state of poverty, they can spend the wealth without paying its price, and in the situation of need, such as when they are traveling and the wealth is at home, they can use it with the promise of paying its price… It is stated in Jami’ Ahkam Al-Sighar, Hamwi Ashbah, Tatarkhaniyah, then Radd Al-Muhtar:

(اذا احتاج الا ب الی مال ولدہ فان کانا فی المصر واحتاج لفقرہ اکل بغیر شئ وان کان فی المفازۃ واحتاج الیہ لانعدام الطعام معہ فلہ الاکل بالقیمۃ)

Translation: When the father needs the child’s wealth, if they are in a city and the father needs it due to poverty, he can spend it without paying the price. But if he is in a desert without any food and he needs that wealth for the food, he can spend it if he pays the price. It is stated in Jami’ Al-Fusoolain Fawa’id Imam Zaheer-Uddin:

( لوکان الاب فی فلاۃولہ مال فاحتاج الی طعام ولدہ اکلہ بقیمۃ لقولہ صلی اللہ تعالٰی علیہ وسلم الاب احق بمال ولدہ اذا احتاج الیہ بالمعروف والمعروف ان یتناولہ بغیر شیئ لوفقیرا والا فبقیمتہ)

(Fatawa Razawiyyah, Vol. 2, p. 508, Publ. Raza Foundation, Lahore)

وَاللہُ اَعْلَمُ عَزَّوَجَلَّ وَ رَسُوْلُہ اَعْلَم صَلَّی اللہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہٖ وَسَلَّم

(Allah Almighty knows best and His Messenger صَلَّی اللہُ عَلَیْہِ وَ اٰلِهٖ وَسَلَّم knows best.)

Answered By: Mufti Muhammad Qasim Attari

Ref No: HAB-0436

Date: 17th Rabi’ Al-Awwal 1446 AH/ 21st October 2024